College of Leadership and Development Studies

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    Assessing the security implications of the ECOWAS protocol on free movement in Nigeria
    (International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(2), 2025) Ochoga Edwin Ochoga; Osimen Goddy U.; Pokubo Ibiso Esther
    The study is designed to assess whether the ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement of Persons has had negative implications for Nigeria’s national security. The study used key informant interviews and secondary sources as instruments to collect qualitative and quantitative data. The study critiqued the economic integration theory, and the assumption of the theory is premised on the removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers among member states for the free movement of factors of production across national borders. It used the obtained qualitative and quantitative data to demonstrate how Nigeria’s national security has been negatively affected by the free movement regime of ECOWAS. The study reveals that there is a relationship between the free movement enabled by the Protocol and the spread of Boko Haram terrorism, cattle rustling, armed banditry, and the activities of violent herders in Nigeria. Poor implementation of the Protocol by Nigeria, arising from the non-enforcement of Article 4 of the Protocol, the absence of a migration central database, porous borders, and socio-cultural affinities among border communities, are the challenges associated with the implementation of the Protocol in Nigeria. This study argues that proponents of the ECOWAS Protocol on free movement are mainly concerned about the economic benefits of the Protocol for member states without considering the socio-economic complexities associated with the window provided by the free movement regime occasioned by ECOWAS. It is upon this contextual premise that the study reveals that, unlike previous studies, every region has its own specificities to take into account when addressing the concept of free movement. Indeed, given the specific character of migratory movements in each region, there are perhaps as many different approaches to the subject as there are regions. In conclusion, despite the socio-economic benefits of the free movement regime, it has shown that the Protocol has been poorly implemented by Nigeria, with its attendant consequences on Nigeria’s national security. This finding was arrived at by subjecting the conventional perspective of regional economic integration to scrutiny, using Nigeria as a case study. The study recommends that guided economic integration is more desirable for Nigeria’s national security than the ideological allegory of the economic integration theory.
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    Artificial Intelligence in Modern Warfare: Navigating the Complexities of Ethical Decision-Making in the Face of Uncertainty
    (Power System Technology Volume 49 Issue 2, 2025-05-22) Osimen Goddy U.; Ayankoya Abimbola Rachel; Edokpa Fadal Mary; Ade-Ibijola Aderemi Opeyemi
    The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into military operations significantly impacts international peace, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its implications by the international community, scholars, and policymakers. This study examines the ethical issues surrounding AI in modern warfare, with a focus on accountability, particularly in autonomous system failures. Anchored on technological determinism theory, this qualitative study analyzes secondary data from credible sources, including online resources, textbooks, journal articles, conference proceedings, and newspapers. Thematic analysis reveals that the increasing use of AI in warfare raises profound ethical questions about accountanbility, human dignity, and the future of conflict. The study recommends the establishment of a global framework to regulate the military use of artificial intelligence in their operations
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    RETHINKING PEACE, SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
    (International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 01, 2022) Osimen Goddy U.; RUFUS AISEDION
    There is growing recognition that peace and security are fundamental for socio-political and economic development of any country in the world. Yet Violent conflicts, whether social, political, or environmental, has significantly contributed to the crisis of sustainable development and security challenges in terms of loss of human and material resources. This paper has therefore, examined the nature of peace, security and sustainable development in Nigeria. The study adopts a combination of theories like; the clash of civilization theory, the frustration-aggression theory, state fragility and failed state theory. Qualitative method, such as textbooks, journal articles, internet, among others was used as sources of data collection. The work was descriptively analyzed through the content of the information gathered. The paper explores various dimensions of the social, political, economic and other conditions that have over the years affected the indices for measuring peace, security and sustainable development in Nigeria. Consequently, the paper revealed some of the symptoms that have truncated the “God given” peace, security and sustainable development in Nigeria, which includes; corruption, unemployment, Weak institutional system, structural imbalance, human trafficking, bad leadership, among others. The paper concluded with some useful policies recommendations regarding the way forward therein and most importantly, called for the need by the Nigeria government to learn from history, as attempts been made to tackle the challenges currently upsetting the attainment of sustainable peace, security and development in the country.
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    Border Security Management and ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement in West Africa
    (Canadian Social Science Vol. 18, No. 1,, 2022) Agbebaku Philip E.; Osimen Goddy U.
    Prior to the enactment of the ECOWAS Protocol on free movement, people move from one location to another, there was little or no regards for the artificial borders created by the colonial powers. The vision of the ECOWAS is to create a borderless region where the population will have access to the abundant resources and, able to exploit same through the creation of opportunities under a sustainable environment. Nevertheless, the unrestricted free movement of people in the sub-region resulted to situation of tension among citizens of the receiving country and migrants especially in places where migrants dominate trade and labour. The regimes that are rather weak can become destabilized under such tensions thereby resulting to free flow of criminalities. The challenges of the Protocol have not helped the security landscape of the sub-region even though ECOWAS prides itself as the first region in Africa with the free movement initiative, the Protocol is poorly implemented constituting more security concern than boosting regional trade and economic development. Despite these challenges and threats posed by border insecurity, there is a lack of a common approach in terms of policy formulation, especially from the direction of the government. Therefore, it is on this note the paper seeks to examine these overlapping issues and hold attempts to provide a possible solution in resolving them. Data were obtained using secondary sources and the data were analyzed qualitatively. The paper observed that the prospect of achieving effective border security was truncated due to unrestricted free movement of people and improper implementation of ECOWAS protocol in the sub-region. This uncontrolled and unmanaged border has resulted to infiltration of terrorists/insurgency, loss of government revenue, smuggling or trafficking of illegal goods among others. The paper further revealed that the issue of corruption, poor technological gadgets, and porous nature of the borders among others serve as strong challenge to effective border management in the region. Therefore called for a Paradigm Shift in achieving effective border management to include adequate provision of funds, use of modern technological gadgets, adequate training of security personnel, strengthening of Multinational Joint Task Force among others.
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    Sustainable Peace and Security in Africa: Strategy for Attainment of Agenda 2063 of the African Union
    (Journal of Social Sciences 2022, Volume 18, 2022) Osimen Goddy U.; Iloh Emeka Charles
    The incidence of violent conflict and insecurity in Africa is evident and apparent. Armed conflicts have become a regular realism in Africa for so long and the continent is predominantly conflict-prone and has also accommodated more than one-third of international armed conflicts in the last few years. The resurgence of conflict in Africa after the Cold War is mostly worrisome and disturbing. Despite these challenges and threats posed by conflict in the region, there is little or no common approach in terms of proper policy formulation or implementation for appropriate prevention and management of these conflicts that occurs in the continent. Therefore, the trust of this study seeks to study these touching issues to offer a conceivable and enduring resolution to the issues. The research was carried out using secondary sources of data and was analyzed qualitatively. The causes of conflict and insecurity were revealed. The paper also observed that the prospect of achieving Agenda 2063 of the African Union profoundly depends on proper institutions for conflict prevention, management, and resolution in the continent. Hence, the paper recommends among others, that efforts must be intensified to harmonize the African strategy on good governance agenda, as APSA and AGA are similar in their visions and objectives. Whereas AGA places emphasis on comprehensive demands of good governance, APSA on the other hand emphasizes the importance of the instruments for proper conflict management, resolution, and by extension on peace-building in the region. Hence, there is a need for both to work together, as this will not only promote the desirable peace, security, and development in the continent of Africa but, will also guarantee a lead way for the Attainment of Agenda 2063 of the African Union.
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    The Impact of Modern Technologies on Peace, Security and Development in Africa
    (Canadian Social Science Vol. 19, No. 2, 2023) Osimen Goddy U.; efa Adey; Adeyefa Christianah Ronke
    Since the independence processes in the African continent, armed conflicts, peace, security and development has remain contesting issues that have raised concern and attention both at the national and international level. In recent years, most of these issues have heightened the tempo which has given rise to their strong deliberation in the region of Africa. Although, efforts are been made in different quarters in the continent particularly, the African Union to deal with these teething issues still, the growing pace and role of technologies currently in the world has not been appropriately and adequately explored to respond to these concerns in Africa. However, this paper does not aim to give a comprehensive impression of the landscape of new technologies, but focuses on the opportunities and challenges these technologies present to the African continent and how best these technologies could be anchored in the African Union agenda to address the challenges before it. The paper further offers concrete recommendations on the best practices of these new technologies in key areas that would propel Africa in the attainment of sustainable peace, security and development in the region.
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    Between Security and Environmental Change: A Theoretical Exploration of the Linkage
    (Migration Letters Volume: 20, No: S8, 2023) Osimen Goddy U.; Ayankoya Abimbola Rachel; Udoh Oluwakemi D.
    Objective: The aim of this study is to reveal the symbiotic relationship between environmental change and the hazards it poses to people, nation-states, and society, and to put environmental security studies squarely on the minds of security scholars and practitioners everywhere. The study concluded that environmental security is not only a worthwhile area of study in and of itself but also has much to offer security studies in general. Method: The study adopted a theoretical exploration of the linkage between security and environmental change. Result: Environmental security studies research has an impact on the nature of threats, the status of security, the execution of security, and strategies for undoing crisis politics, in addition to the ethics of security and privatization. The risks that people face depend not just on the physical changes in their environment, but also on how dependent they are on it for survival and how well they can adapt to these changes. Conclusion: Therefore, societal factors of insecurity like conflict, corruption, trade dependence, and liberalization of the economy have an impact on how sensitive and adaptable people are to environmental changes.
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    Climate change and migratory patterns of Fulani Herdsmen in Nigeria
    (International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 2024-10) Udoh Oluwakemi D.; Aforijiku Oluwayemisi E.; Abasilim Ugochukwu D.; Osimen Goddy U.
    Purpose – Climate change has emerged as a significant global challenge with far-reaching parallel implications, especially in regions where resource scarcity has led to various conflicts and displacement of people. This research aims to investigate the specific dynamics of Fulani Herdsmen’s migratory patterns as well as the socio-economic and security implications of such migration. Design/methodology/approach – This study relied on secondary data from published and unpublished sources. A qualitative research design was adopted and data was collected from scholarly works such as journals and reports published by various governmental organisations and NGOs. Findings – In Nigeria, the intersection of climate change and resource competition has notably affected the Fulani Herdsmen, a predominantly nomadic pastoralist group. The changing climate, marked by erratic rainfall, prolonged droughts and desertification, has disrupted traditional migration routes, compelling the Fulani Herdsmen who are constantly in search of grazing lands to migrate thereby, often leading to conflicts with sedentary populations. Originality/value – While previous studies have explored the relationship between climate change, resource scarcity and conflict, this research seeks to investigate the specific dynamics of Fulani Herdsmen’s migratory patterns and the socio-economic and security implications of such migration. Using the eco-violence theory of Homer-Dixon and the push-pull migration theory of Lee as the theoretical framework, this study analyses how climate change-induced migration has exacerbated tensions between herdsmen and host communities. The research emphasises the need for effective legal and policy frameworks to mitigate these conflicts, proposing sustainable strategies for promoting peaceful coexistence and resilience among affected populations.