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Chitosan-based nanoformulation of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
(Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, 2025) Ahuekwe, E. F.; Aworunse, O. S.; Akinpelu, Sharon O.; Adekeye, B. T.; Abimbola, S.; Akinyemi, O. D.; Aladele, A. K.; Oyesile, O.; Ayomide, A. F.; Oniha, M. I.; Emelike, C. U.
Chitosans are biopolymers of chitin with remarkable properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial activity. Chitosanbased nanoparticles are useful vehicles for drug delivery in biomedicine, as they improve precision and reduce side effects in the administration of proteins and peptides, antibiotics, gene therapy, and cancer treatment. Furthermore, chitosan formulations improve the CT and magnetic resonance imaging scans’ sensitivity and precision, which makes tumor identification and diagnosis easier. The regenerative qualities of chitosan are useful in bone tissue engineering, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Chitosan’s function in nanocatalysis is highlighted by its sustainability and environmental applications. It serves as a long-lasting support for metal catalysts such as gold and palladium, enabling environmentally friendly catalytic applications in a variety of sectors. Chitosan’s antibacterial effectiveness contributes to wastewater treatment, enhancing environmental sustainability. Chitosan-coated seeds and plant protection solutions enhance plant germination, promote plant growth, and provide a sustainable substitute for traditional pesticides in agriculture. Obstacles and prospects refinement of chitosan derivatives and nanoparticles are required to improve safety and lessen toxicity concerns. Sustainable and cost-effective synthesis techniques are essential for mass manufacturing and market penetration. Literature advises more research to fully maximize chitosan benefits in a variety of industries, such as food packaging, cosmetics, and sophisticated materials. Overall, the adaptability of chitosan nanoparticles underscores its potential for an array of industrial applications, healthcare, and environmental protection, leading to industrial transformations that support a sustainable future.
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Biosynthesized and natural chitosan-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications
(Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, 2025) Ahuekwe, E. F.; Akinhanmi, Fadekemi O.; Akinyemi, O D.; Taiwo, O. S.; Popoola, T. S.; George, D. S.; Aladele, A. K.; Azeta, J.; Oniha, M. I.
Chitin and chitosans, derived from diverse natural sources, are polysaccharides that have numerous uses in the food, biomedicine, water treatment, and pharmaceutical industries. As a result, the USD 6.8 billion chitosan market saw significant expansion in 2019. Their complex biological characteristics and therapeutic potential are methodically examined in this review, which also highlights their noteworthy antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory effects. Even with these praiseworthy qualities, regulatory bodies place restrictions on their recognition as medicinal products. Chitosan is also the best option for creating nanoparticles due to its qualities including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and positive surface charge. The exploration of natural sources highlights extraction strategies and reveals source-specific procedures using a variety of spectroscopic and microscopy techniques. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (ChNPs) are particularly effective in the field of biomedical applications; they work well in tissue engineering, gene therapy, and medication delivery. Their adaptability encompasses a range of aspects, such as the delivery of drugs, antibiotics, polyphenols, vaccines, and gene therapy. A thorough examination of the toxicity and biocompatibility of ChNPs is provided in this review, highlighting the effects of deacetylation degree, structural characteristics, molecular weight, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake. A close examination is given to the factors impeding the application of biomedicine, highlighting the critical need for regulatory frameworks. While chitosan’s symphony of applications reverberates throughout a multitude of biomedical fields, continued research and development endeavors are essential for revolutionizing uses and guaranteeing their prudent integration into a variety of sectors
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Relevance of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
(WILEY Online Library, 2024-10) Adetutu, Bello Oluwakemi; Buba, Adamu Binta; Akinhanmi, Fadekemi O.; Gana, Mordecai; Utazi, Ezugwu Basil; Oyewole, Oluwafemi Adebayo; Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun; Eniola, K. I. T.; Yerima, Mohammed Bello
Nanotechnology is becoming recognized as a potent instrument capable of transforming the agricultural sector, as nanomaterials designed within the 1–100 nm scale exhibit distinctive characteristics that have the potential to augment diverse facets of food cultivation. The chapter presents various applications, such as the utilization of nanoparticle seed coatings to enhance germination and plant health, the development of nanosized smart delivery systems for precise nutrient and pesticide release, the implementation of nanocomposite greenhouse materials to augment productivity, the utilization of nanotechnology for water treatment and conservation, and the application of nanotech in food processing and storage solutions. The benefits of utilizing nanoparticles in various applications can be exemplified by specific instances such as the use of silicon nanoparticles for pesticide delivery, nanobiosensors for quality monitoring, and magnetic nanoparticles for soil remediation. Nevertheless, the potential health and environmental hazards linked to nanoparticles are also a subject of discussion, underscoring the imperative for thorough safety evaluation. The chapter presents a persuasive argument regarding the potential of nanotechnology to enhance agricultural practices, augment global production, and enhance food quality and safety in order to address the global food security challenges, provided that it is managed with caution.
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Potential Utilization of Coconut Water as a Natural Substitute to Plant Growth Regulators for In Vitro Propagation of Hibiscus sabdariffa
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY, 2024) Bello, Oluwakemi Adetutu; Adedeji, Adepeju Deborah; Obembe, Olawole Odun
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. possesses various parts like seeds, leaves and calyces that hold economic importance due to their multi purpose. Its benefits can be fully tapped into using in vitro propagation, especially by incorporating organic additives into the media. This study established the sterilization protocol and the response of H. sabdariffa to various concentrations of coconut water as a natural plant growth regulator. Seeds were surface-sterilized using calcium hypochlorite solution in combination with 70% ethanol, with or without hot water pre-treatment, and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media. Ten days after culture, hypocotyl, cotyledon and cotyledonary node explants excised from in vitro-grown seedlings were cultured on MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of coconut water (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% v/v). The cultures were monitored for callus induction, morphology, and colour of the callus, as well as shoot and root formation. The result showed that the seeds sterilized in 70% ethanol (20 s) and 5% calcium hypochlorite for 20 min resulted in the highest percentage of clean culture and germination. By day 28, all the explants in the different coconut water treatments had formed callus. Leaf formation was observed from all cotyledonary nodes in the various treatments. Multiple shoots were observed on cotyledon explants in MS medium supplemented with 15% coconut water. Root formation was observed on all the treatments. Further research is recommended to ascertain the effect of coconut water on the morphogenesis of the plant.
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Applications of Mushrooms as Immune Boosters
(2026) Oniha,, Margaret Ikhiwili; Olusanya, Clement Shina; Oyewole, Oluwafemi Adebayo; Tsado, Priscilla Yetu; Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun; Popoola, Oluwabukola Atinuke; Israel , Adeyomoye Olorunsola
Mushrooms abound with bioactive constituents that promote good health, treat diseases, and boost the immune system of humans. These organic compounds include but are not restricted to protein, vitamins, minerals, unsaturated fatty acids, bio-functional components, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs), polysaccharides, terpenes, terpenoids, sesquiterpenes, polyphenolic compounds, lactones, and steroids. Numerous notable mushrooms also exhibit therapeutic properties such as Agaricus subrufescens, Cordyceps sinensis, Lentinula edodes , and Hericium erinaceus among others. Primary immunomodulatory compounds present in numerous medicinal mushrooms include terpenes, flavonoids, lectins, terpenoids, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs), and polyoses of which the latter serves as the most common natural immunomodulators from mushrooms. Varying chemical and physical components of these immunomodulating polysaccharides are obtained with significant individual effects on the bioactivity and mechanism of action. There are three core pathways associated with fundamental molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation by mushrooms and they include signal regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) through the NF-κB fundamental modulator (NEMO) composite, activation of phospholipase C-gamma (PLCγ), closely followed by calcineurin and the controlling of flagging route by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) be produced. In addition, FIPs have different functions including the inducement of antigen anchoring cells along with the discharge of cytokines including NO plus IL-12 when FIPs bind to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), promoting the propagation and distinctness of auxiliary T cells (Th0) to assemble Th1 cells together with Th2 cells, triggering of macrophages plus B cells and production of a heterogeneity of biotic determinants. Currently, research has focused on identifying antitumor components in mushroom extracts since a strong relationship exists between the human immune system and initiation of tumors, and dependence on the activation of the immune system. These compounds facilitate immune activation for cancer therapeutics, resolution of host defense-induced inflammatory reactions, and assist in the recovery of homeostasis in the recovered individuals. There are medicinal mushroom formulations that provide synergistic antitumor and immuno-modulatory functions. These functional constituents from medicinal mushrooms have been validated both from the foods and clinical assessments, hence the need for enhanced incorporation of mushrooms in foods as functional foods to achieve a robust immune system.