Browsing by Author "Chukwudi Ekene Celestina"

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An assessment of the impacts of community development initiatives in Awgbu Town in Anambra State, Nigeria
(Research Journal in Advanced Humanities, 2024) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Owoh Emeka Emmanuel
This research evaluates how the Awgbu community has contributed to the general development of Anambra State, how it has benefited from state government efforts, and how it has responded to demands and initiatives from the government between 2015 and 2023. Community Development (CD), Social Capital, and the Diffusion of Innovations theories are the underpinning theoretical framework of analysis used for the study. The research design used in this paper was a descriptive survey, with data collected from primary and secondary sources. Since the study was intended for the entire population of Awgbu town, Slovin’s sample determination formula and the purposive random sampling technique were employed. Specifically, a sample size of 400 respondents was targeted, and 286 returned questionnaires were used for data analysis. The gathered data were displayed on the Logical Data Framework (LDF) and subjected to a quantitative statistical data analysis technique that involved weighted mean and frequency tables. The results show that the Awgbu community has significantly influenced Anambra State’s growth. Through its participation in the Choose Your Project Initiative (CYPI), the community has actively reacted to requests from the government. Nonetheless, the research discovers that, among other things, inadequate money, oversight, and leadership crises impede the community’s advancement.
Bolstering the Impact of Town Unions’ Administration and Community Development Initiatives in Igboland: A Study of APU in the Awgbu Community of Anambra State, Nigeria
(African Renaissance Vol. 21, No. 1, 2024-03-01) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Owoh Emeka Emmanuel
In Nigeria, communities have suffered neglect by the government, resulting in their united efforts to develop through self-help. This research focuses primarily on the Awgbu Progress Union (APU) in the Orumba North Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. The study aims to evaluate the impacts of town unions on community development activities. The purpose of the study is to comprehend how town unions affect the general growth of a community and neighbourhood. Three research questions and hypotheses were developed to guide this study. The Community-Action Model by Paulo Freire in 1973 was employed as the theoretical framework of analysis. This study adopted a survey research design; thus, the purposive method of sampling technique was used in determining the population size while the sample size of the study was 200. Data were generated via primary and secondary sources i.e. questionnaire was the major instrument used. The questionnaire was designed using a four-point Likert scale method. From the distributed questionnaires, 120 respondents correctly completed and returned their questionnaires. The data analysis was done using a frequency distribution table, simple percentages, and weighted mean. The study finds out that APU has played significant roles in promoting community development initiatives in Awgbu town and that they face many challenges which recommendations were made to address as; there is a need for the town union to establish proper participation, collaboration, communication link with the community and government, peaceful dialogue, provision of adequate infrastructures, seeking various means of sourcing fund among others.
Civil Society Organizations and Sustenance of Democratization in Nigeria
(African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies 16(1), 2023-06) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Ojo Samuel Segun
Various socioeconomic and political developments in Nigeria have necessitated avalanche of interventions of several civil society organizations (CSOs) with which they would sustain democratic practices by ensuring moral values, fundamental human rights protection, transparency and rule of law. In the daily administration of government, CSOs are seen as instruments of solution to numerous societal problems that have deprived citizens of the dividends of democracy such as neglect, insecurity, oppression and exploitation. This study focuses on the exploration of how CSOs have contributed towards sustaining democracy in Nigeria. The study is geared towards revealing the challenges that militate against the efforts of CSOs towards the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria. Qualitative method is adopted for this study, while secondary materials from books, journals, newspapers, and internet sources are utilized in accessing information. Descriptive method is used in the analysis of the sourced information. Liberal theory is deployed in the analysis of the study, as it displays the interconnectedness existing among different sectors of the society. Our findings revealed that CSOs are yet to be acknowledged as a genuine force in democratic Nigerian society. There is, also, lack of a well-structured institutional framework to support more collaboration between governmental and CSOs. The study concludes that CSOs have vital areas of contributions in the society, and are needed for Nigeria’s democratic sustenance. It is recommended that the autonomy of CSOs should be promoted to enable them perform successfully towards democratic sustenance through their policy formulation and implementation, monitoring and supervision in the society.
Conflict and Security Challenges in the Semi-Arid Region of Sahel: Implications for Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (Swedd)
(Journal of Somali Studies : Research on Somalia and the Greater Horn of African CountriesVol. 11, No. 1, 2024-04) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Osimen Goddy U.; DELE-DADA MOYOSOLUWA PRISCILIA; Ahmed Titilade M. O.
The semi-arid region of the Sahel area, in West and Central Africa, has been dealing with a complicated web of insecurity and conflicts. The fragile security conditions in the Sahel region, which are marked by terrorism, armed conflicts, and instability, have harmed women's social, economic, and political empowerment. Many Sahelian women lack access to economic opportunities, healthcare, education, and decision-making processes, which worsens gender inequality and vulnerability. With an emphasis on the World Bank’s (WB) Sahel Women's Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) initiative, this article examines the significant effects of the ongoing violence and insecurity on women's empowerment and the achievements of the demographic dividend. A descriptive research design was adopted for this study. A qualitative approach to data collection was employed in this study. Content and descriptive analysis were used in the study. Feminist theory was used to unravel the underpinnings of this study. The research findings revealed, among others, that conflict has posed a great challenge for women in the Sahel region. Secondly, great efforts have been made through SWEDD to save the ugly situation amid challenges of displacement, economic hardship, hunger, and other situations alike. This study concludes that the situation of the women is unconnected with the Sahel environment, where there are rooted conflictual socio-political, and economic issues. It is therefore recommended, among others, that there be greater local and international intervention to support the women and secure their contributions towards the improved development of the region.
Covid-19, Socio-Economic Impact and the Nigerian Government: An Overview
(Journal of Quality in Health care & Economics, 2021-11) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Idowu Samuel Sunday
Deradicalisation of Boko Haram Insurgents and Bandits: A Soft-power Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa
(African Renaissance Vol. 2023, No. si1, 2023-10-01) Aluko Abayomi J.; Apeloko O. D.; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Paimo Oluwatunmise T.
Insecurity has made the state government unproductive, aggressive, and unable to protect its citizens and territory. Insurgency activities like Boko Haram and banditry are common in the sub-Saharan region, particularly in Nigeria, Lake Chad, Cameroon, and the Niger Republic. The perpetrators of these numerous crises have notably targeted victims and state institutions in northern Nigeria. These incessant attacks have stimulated a deradicalization response; however, despite the deradicalization measures to end the Boko Haram insurgency and banditry, the attacks still continue unabated. It raises concerns about the effectiveness of the deradicalization strategy against insurgencies. This brings to the fore the importance of soft power deradicalization strategies such as pardoning, socio-economic empowerment, and re-integration of insurgents and bandits into society. Although the soft-power deradicalization initiative often draws attention and commendation, it also raises doubts about sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on the theory of deradicalization and the systematic qualitative method, this article examines a soft-power deradicalization strategy against Boko Haram and banditry insurgencies in sub-Saharan Africa. The findings expand discussion on the dimensions of deradicalization strategy and its potential in promoting positive outcomes against insurgency in sub-Saharan Africa. It suggests the deployment of soft power as a deradicalization strategy to locally tackle insurgency in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Electoral Violence and the Ethnic Question in Nigeria: Analysis of the 2023 Elections
(Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 12 (2), 2024) Chineyemba Lydia Isioma; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike
Violence has become a serious threat, birthing crime, insecurity, and ethnic hatred that threaten national unity. While violence has remained an obstacle to the peaceful conduct of elections, it assumed a disturbing dimension in Lagos during the 2023 elections, where ethnicity was weaponized to polarise the nation. Whereas studies on electoral violence abound in literature, the desperation and impunity that trailed the 2023 elections and the tribal hatred it generated are dimensions of electoral violence requiring investigation. Therefore, this paper aims to highlight the violence that characterized the 2023 elections in Lagos State. It examined the ethnic bigotry that triggered the violence and its implications for peaceful coexistence and national unity. A qualitative data collection method uses secondary data from books, journals, newspapers, and magazines. Content analysis is chosen for better analysis of the study. Employing race and ethnicity and relative deprivation theories, the study found that ethnic violence was a scheme deviously politicized to instigate electoral violence in the bid to retain political power. Findings from the study showed that the violence threatened peaceful coexistence and the sense of brotherhood among Nigerians. It recommended stringent sanctions for the perpetrators of violence and the parties they represent. Policymakers will benefit from this study as it will provide the information needed for policymaking on handling electoral and non-electoral violence.
From ‘citizen diplomacy’ to ‘harsh border diplomacy’: Debating the relevance of Afrocentrism in Nigeria’s contemporary Foreign policy
(Ikenga International Journal of Institute of african studies Vol. 25, No. 3, 2024) Omotuyi Sunday; Apeloko O. D.; Bello Moruf A.; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina
Nigerian political leadership at independence crafted an African-centred foreign policy as an aspiring regional hegemon. It relentlessly pursued this ‘Manifest Destiny’ by mobilizing its human, and material resources to several African states in a bid to carve a putative regional influence in the continent. Though successive governments have internalized this unique foreign policy thrust over the years, the return to democratic governance in late 1999 has, however, seen a decline in Nigeria's commitment to the ideals of Afrocentrism. While Yar’Adua’s ‘Citizenship Diplomacy’ and Buhari’s ‘Border closure’ are a response to the plethora of domestic challenges, they nonetheless present a challenge to Nigeria’s traditional African diplomacy. This study, which relies on secondary data, contends that Nigeria’s contemporary foreign policy thrusts represent the irrelevance of Afrocentrism. It also argues that the relegation of the Africafocused external relations would have implications for Nigeria’s continental leadership aspiration, and peace in West Africa specifically. Therefore, the findings of the study revealed that the erosion of the Nigerian hegemonic leadership in the ECOWAS region will encourage interventions of extra-African actors in the African crises.
Impacts of Cyber Crimes on the Image of Nigeria in the International Community: A Case of the Perceptions of Ghanaians
(Journal of African Films & Diaspora StudiesVol. 7, No. 4, 2024-12-01) Apeloko O. D.; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Atobatele Abolaji; Chiamaka Chidiebere Sussan
The study examined cybercrime and the image of Nigeria in the international community, especially the perception of Ghanaians. Cybercrime is becoming rampant in the language of scholars and agencies in the international community, and this can affect the image of Nigeria and other international communities. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of cyber terrorism on the perception of Ghanaians on Nigeria’s image, investigate the impact of cyberbullying on the perception of Ghanaians on Nigeria’s image, and examine the impact of spam on the perception of Ghanaians on Nigeria’s image. This research is necessary because of the realisation that if Nigeria does not pay attention to the growth of cybercriminal activities in the country, its image in the international community can be affected in areas of socio-economic relations, such as trading. The time frame for this research is from 2019 to 2022. The research design adopted for this research is inferential. The data obtained were analysed through theordinal regression in which the data analed were reflected in the research objectives. The findings of this study show that there is fairly a significant impact between cybercrime and the image of Nigeria. The study suggests that the government should work on tackling the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies to combat cybercrime and create an enabling environment for the business to thrive, as this will discourage most Nigerians from committing cybercrimes.
INTERSECTION OF GENDER AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT: EVALUATING THE IMPACTS OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (NDDC)
(ALVAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2025) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; OLAWUNMI Kunle; EZEBUILO Paul Chibuike
JUNGLE JUSTICE AND RULE OF LAW IN NIGERIA: THE IMPLICATIONS ON ACHIEVING SOCIETAL STABILITY AND SDG-16
(Journal of Lifestyle & SDG's Review Vol. 5, 2024) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike; Owa Owa Egbara; Ofuonye Joseph Ndubuisi
Objectives: This study explores the effect of jungle justice on the rule of law and its implications for achieving societal stability and SDG-16. Theoretical Framework: Systems theory was adopted for the underpinnings of this study. Method: Qualitative descriptive research design method, i.e. secondary data collection, was sourced via textbooks, magazines, journals, official reports, newspapers, and internet materials. Content analysis and Logical Data Framework were adopted to analyse the themes and critical indicators empirically. Result and Discussion: The study finds out that jungle justice has neglected the rule of law, creating tension and instability in society and limiting the effort towards achieving SDG-16. The study concludes that the high level of crime, injustice and insecurity has birthed the neglect of the rule of law in Nigeria. This study recommends implementing anti-jungle justice policies to revalidate the values of the rule of law towards fostering SDG-16 to achieve a stable society, public education, reorientation and enlightenment, good governance and systemic reform. Research Implications: This study's policy implications are embedded in the fact that policymakers will be more guided on the best strategies to adhere to and sustain the rule of law for sustainable societal stability.
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT AS THE KEY ANCHOR FOR POST-COVID-19 PANDEMIC, STATE RESILIENCE AND SUSTENANCE IN AFRICA: A STUDY OF NIGERIAN HEALTH SYSTEM EXPERIENCE AND SUPPORT FOR SDG 3
(Journal of Lifestyle & SDG's Review, 2024-12) Eneanya Augustine Nduka; Bello Moruf Ayodele; Oladoyin Anthony Mayowa; Fasanmade Olopade Olufemi; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina
Objective: The study aimed to interrogate how leadership and state capacities were developed to manage the COVID-19 pandemic and sustain state resilience for future emergencies. Theoretical Framework: The 1977 Institutional Theory of Meyer and Rowan is chosen for the underpinnings of this study. Methodology: The study adopted secondary sources of data collection and analysis. The secondary sources include Journals, books, newspapers, and the Nigeria Centre for Disease and Control. The thematic analysis technique was adopted to elicit concepts, coded into categories. The categories were later pattern-matched to generate themes adopted to answer the research questions. Results: The study showed that leadership and state capacities for resilience can be developed, managed, and sustained for future crises or emergencies. Discussion: Leadership development in the post covid era in states and different governments will undoubtedly contribute to goal 3 (SDG 3) of the 20230 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Agenda. This goal 3 emphasised good health and wellbeing. Research Implications: Policymakers will gain more information on policymaking during post-covid in society. Originality/Values: Africa and generally developing countries were worst hit during Covid-19 and should embrace all efforts toward leadership development of post Covid-19.
Military Deployment and Election Conduct in Nigeria
(Home African RenaissanceVol. 21, No. 3, 2024-09) Aliyu Musilimu Kolawole; Bello Moruf Ayodele; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike
The way elections were conducted in Nigeria before the return of civil government on May 29, 1999, was a civil affair. The country's custom of involving the military in political processes began with the June 21, 2014, Ekiti State gubernatorial election, held under former President Goodluck Jonathan. This study uses secondary data to give an overview of the present argument in light of the controversy the topic has produced. The study also interrogates the circumstances that led to the deployment of the armed forces in the conduct of elections in the country and finds out the propriety or otherwise of the action under a democratic rule considering the constitutional roles of the military. The study equally discusses the expected professional conduct of the military in the electoral processes and the handling of security matters between the Election Management Body and security agents, and finally discusses the conduct of soldiers and matters arising concerning the 2027 general elections. These were prepared to prepare the military to actively participate professionally in the next elections in Nigeria.
Poverty alleviation policies and elitist approach in Nigeria: An assessment
(Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 2024) Adebajo Adeola Aderayo; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Olu-Owolabi Fadeke Esther; Salako Samuel Anuoluwapo
Poverty, as a phenomenon, remains an obstacle to global sustainable development. Although a universal malaise, it is more prevalent in underdeveloped countries, including Nigeria. However, because of its devastating impacts on the Nigerian economy, such as increasing death rates, high crime rates, insecurity difficulties, threats to national cohesion, and so on, successive administrations have implemented poverty alleviation programs to mitigate the consequences of this disease. Worryingly, despite a multiplicity of projects and massive human and natural resources invested to match global standards, Nigeria remains impoverished. The curiosity at how these programs fail, either because of implementation hiccups or because elites’ wealth and power influence these programs spurred the paper to assess poverty alleviation policies and elitist approaches in Nigeria. The study employed the desk study approach, as it examined secondary sources such as books, journals, articles, and magazines. Its theoretical underpinning was the elite theory. The paper discovered that several factors such as corruption, the elitist nature of the policies which in disguise reflect public interests, lack of continuity, lack of coordination and monitoring system, misappropriation of public resources, and others, led to the poor performances of government in alleviating poverty in Nigeria. The paper concludes that, while the rate of poverty index in Nigeria rises year after year, poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria have had little or no influence on the Nigerian economy, since most of these projects are purely reflective of the elites’ interests rather than the masses. Therefore, the paper recommends that for there to be a reduction in poverty incidence in Nigeria, a holistic developmental approach should be adopted, the policies formulated and implemented should sync with the needs of the citizens, and quality and viable programs should be sustained and financed irrespective of change in government; public accountability should be instilled; proper coordination and monitoring system should be domesticated, etc
Secessionist Agitations and Human Security: The Quest for the Agitations of IPOB in Southeastern Nigeria
(Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 13 No 4, 2024-06) Osimen Goddy U.; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Oladoyin Anthony Mayowa; Nnaemeka Whitney Chimdalu; Dada Oludolapo Omolara
Human security is a vital aspect of a state’s existence and it's performance in both local and international system. However, in Nigeria, the state of human security has been intercepted by many obstacles. The Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) secessionist movement is a major interception. The arrest of the group’s leader, Nnamdi Kanu, in 2015 triggered a rise in the three-year movement and ultimately a fall in human security in the country. This study investigates the relationship between the IPOB secessionist agitation and human security as well as the implications that the agitations have on human security in Nigeria. The study adopts the relative deprivation theory as the theoretical framework to analyse the underlying causes of secessionist movements. Utilizing a secondary method of data collection, the research relies on an extensive literature review and analysis of relevant sources, including books, journals, and online articles. The findings of this study reveal that IPOB agitations have repercussions on human security in the country. The study therefore recommends facilitating open and constructive dialogue between the Nigerian government and representatives of IPOB to address the root causes of secessionist agitations.
Security Challenges and The Role of Opposition Political Parties in Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria
(Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences 23(1), 2025) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Osimen Goddy U.; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike; OLADIPO Temidayo David
Insurgency and insecurity have remained the outcome of the relationship between the ruling and the opposition party in Nigeria. The situation has kept the attention of government diverted to fighting insurgency and insecurity in the society thereby losing focus on the primary task of administration. It also examines the role of opposition parties in creating an atmosphere of insecurity in society and the fight against it. Most times, the efforts of the government in fighting insecurity are met with corruption among members thereby being part of the government's weakness. The study's conclusions were reached through the application of qualitative research techniques and the utilisation of secondary material from internet sources as well as books, journals, and newspapers. The analysis framework for this paper is based on Estonian System Theory. Research has revealed that opposition political parties can employ a variety of tactics to undermine the ruling party and force it from office, having initially served as watchdogs. The opposition party believes that every attempt to remove the ruling party draws them closer to victory. It is therefore concluded that opposition parties have become part of insurgency and insecurity in the state to weaken the ruling government, and drum for their yet-to-come government. The study recommends that the opposition party with the spirit of nation-building should join hands with the leading party in providing security and fighting insurgency for their interest and the general interest of society. The leading party must protect its members and the opposition.
Social Media and Women’s Political Participation in Nigeria
(Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology Vol. 44 No. 6, 2023) Oladipo Victoria Olaitan; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina
The advent of social media has increased social communication and technology interaction. Even with these benefits, using social media to encourage women to get involved in politics has not worked well. Social media has influenced several advocacy issues such as the #METoo movements, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests, and the #EndSARS protests in Nigeria, to mention a few. The goal of this study is to find out how much social media aided by new technology has changed women's political participation and to come up with a way to get more women involved in politics through social media. This study is anchored in feminist theory. This study used a qualitative research method, and secondary sources were used to gather the data. The study showed that social media had not made it easier for women to get involved in politics. This makes it harder to get equal numbers of women in politics. So, it suggests that women should get more involved in politics through social media by learning more about the need for fair political representation.
Social Media Application within Organisational Productivity in a Democratic Setting: Evidence from the Public Sector in Nigeria
(Journal of African Films & Diaspora Studies Vol. 7, No. 2, 2024-06-01) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Bello Moruf Ayodele; Apeloko O. D.; Olawunmi Kunle
In a democratic setting, the participation of people within an organisation is enlarged by the application of social media. This application has become necessary since it strengthens organisations and members’ participation and communication toward productivity and development. This study is to unravel how organisational productivity is being affected by social media in a democratic setting. The study also investigates various challenges that may face the application of social media within organisations. The qualitative method of study is adopted in the analysis of this study. It involves the use of primary and secondary sources obtained from books and journals, newspapers, and internet sources. An in-depth interview was also conducted with key informants who knew the subject matter. The paper concludes that social media plays a significant role in organisational productivity in a democratic setting, despite some challenges such as misinformation, and misinterpretation in the organisational arena. To ensure democracy's success, organisations should implement close monitoring of social media and the protection of people's rights.
Tax Administration and Timely Payments: A study of selected State Internal Revenue Service in South-West Nigeria
(PERSPEKTIF 13 (1), 2024) Adesemowo Modupeola Morenike; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Bello Wasiu Olaide
This study examined the effect of tax administration and timely payments: a study of selected Internal Revenue Service in South-West Nigeria. A field survey research method was adopted, primary data obtained through the administration of a structured questionnaire was used and the hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. The population of the study consisted of 4499 members of staff in the tax revenue office in South-West Nigeria. Three hundred and eighty-seven copies of questionnaires were administered while 382 (98.7%) were retrieved. The findings of the study revealed that the tax administration of the selected State Internal Revenue Services has a significant effect on timely payments (Adj.R2 = 0.115, F(3, 383) = 17.405), p < 0.05). The study concluded that a significant relationship exists between Tax administration measured as Tax assessment (TASS), Tax remittance (TREM) and Tax collection (TCOL), and Timely Payments of taxpayers’ declarations of selected State Internal Revenue Services in South-West Nigeria. The study recommended that State tax authorities should restructure their tax administration system to increase their efficiency and effectiveness in tax assessment, tax collection, and tax remittance that will provide adequate and relevant training for members of staff on the use of information technology and update the technological equipment’s used so that the members of staff can be technologically competent. Technological devices should be made available to staff members in the various tax stations outside the head office.
The 2019 General Elections, Digital Technology and the Democratization Process in Nigeria
(Gender and Behaviour Vol. 21, No. 1, 2023-04) Ojakorotu Victor; Erameh Nicholas Idris; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina
Electoral malpractices and election violence have remained contentious issues in the democratization process in Africa. Though several measures have been put in place to address this problem, elections have contributed negatively to the democratization in Africa and particularly in Nigeria. The introduction of technology in the electoral process in Nigeria, was part of the innovative ideas to bring credibility and transparency to elections. While this move was a promising and commendable idea, its outcome has created mixed feeling among Nigerians. Relying on secondary sources, this study attempts to interrogate the trends, dynamics, outcomes, and challenges of using technology in elections in Nigeria with emphasis on the 2019 general elections. It argues that while the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has continued to demonstrate institutional capacity toward supporting technological reforms in election administration, there are other countless institutional malaises that have made technological innovation in electoral administration ineffective. This underscores the need for deeper institutional reforms and increased political education and socialization of the voting population by the INEC, political parties, and other relevant stakeholders. Also, the need to improve the technological lapses witnessed in previous elections and strive to institutionalize the process via sophisticated legal and institutional provisions is sacrosanct.