Programme: International Relations
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Item The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Resurgence of Military Coups in West Africa(Journal of African Union StudiesVol. 13, No. 2, 2024-08-01) Akinyemi Opeyemi; Apeloko O. D.; Osimen Goddy U.; Chukwudi Ekene CelestinaThe military is designed to protect the polity, but national occurrences have motivated the same to take over political power via a coup to change the government. This study is set to explore the causes of military incursions in West Africa. The study is also to unravel the challenges that the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has faced in the wake of military incursion into politics. Hence, many international organisations and individuals have resolved that the military must accept the authority of civilian rule. In other words, they may be responsible for carrying out a policy decision they disagree with. The rightness or wrongness of a policy or decision can be ambiguous. Civilian decision-makers may be impervious to corrective information. In practice, the relationship between civilian authorities and military leaders must be worked out. The qualitative method of data collection was adopted for this study. Content analysis is adopted in the analysis of this work. The theory of civil-military relations is chosen for the underpinnings of this study. The findings revealed that different countries in ECOWAS states have experienced military incursions whose causes are multifaceted. The causes range from historical government handling of conflicts to acts of impunity, among others. This situation has strained the relationships between member states in their political and socioeconomic engagements. The study therefore concludes that military incursion in politics in West Africa have caused setbacks for ECOWAS in their bid to achieve democracy, integration, and socioeconomic and sustainable development. It is then recommended that democratic institutions should be strengthened, which will help to address the root causes of instability. The leaders of member states should also be held accountable for upholding democratic principles. This study will help policymakers in the West African region foster democratic principles.Item Secessionist Agitations and Human Security: The Quest for the Agitations of IPOB in Southeastern Nigeria(Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 13 No 4, 2024-06) Osimen Goddy U.; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Oladoyin Anthony Mayowa; Nnaemeka Whitney Chimdalu; Dada Oludolapo OmolaraHuman security is a vital aspect of a state’s existence and it's performance in both local and international system. However, in Nigeria, the state of human security has been intercepted by many obstacles. The Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) secessionist movement is a major interception. The arrest of the group’s leader, Nnamdi Kanu, in 2015 triggered a rise in the three-year movement and ultimately a fall in human security in the country. This study investigates the relationship between the IPOB secessionist agitation and human security as well as the implications that the agitations have on human security in Nigeria. The study adopts the relative deprivation theory as the theoretical framework to analyse the underlying causes of secessionist movements. Utilizing a secondary method of data collection, the research relies on an extensive literature review and analysis of relevant sources, including books, journals, and online articles. The findings of this study reveal that IPOB agitations have repercussions on human security in the country. The study therefore recommends facilitating open and constructive dialogue between the Nigerian government and representatives of IPOB to address the root causes of secessionist agitations.Item Security Challenges and The Role of Opposition Political Parties in Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria(Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences 23(1), 2025) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Osimen Goddy U.; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike; OLADIPO Temidayo DavidInsurgency and insecurity have remained the outcome of the relationship between the ruling and the opposition party in Nigeria. The situation has kept the attention of government diverted to fighting insurgency and insecurity in the society thereby losing focus on the primary task of administration. It also examines the role of opposition parties in creating an atmosphere of insecurity in society and the fight against it. Most times, the efforts of the government in fighting insecurity are met with corruption among members thereby being part of the government's weakness. The study's conclusions were reached through the application of qualitative research techniques and the utilisation of secondary material from internet sources as well as books, journals, and newspapers. The analysis framework for this paper is based on Estonian System Theory. Research has revealed that opposition political parties can employ a variety of tactics to undermine the ruling party and force it from office, having initially served as watchdogs. The opposition party believes that every attempt to remove the ruling party draws them closer to victory. It is therefore concluded that opposition parties have become part of insurgency and insecurity in the state to weaken the ruling government, and drum for their yet-to-come government. The study recommends that the opposition party with the spirit of nation-building should join hands with the leading party in providing security and fighting insurgency for their interest and the general interest of society. The leading party must protect its members and the opposition.Item Sustainable Smart Cities in African Digital Space(Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Sustainable Development, 2024) Daudu Basil Osayin; Osimen Goddy U.; Anaiye Esther BestyTechnology enhances the economic growth and development of a nation, and the 21st century is festooned with advanced technologies that make transactions and communication between government and its citizens, and between countries, easy. The use of technology, therefore, is a defining attribute of smart cities (Cairo, Algiers, Nairobi, Lagos, and Tunis, amongst others) across Africa. The technological impact of these cities has permeated the other aspects of life in the areas of e-government, e-education, e-commerce, e-communication, and eadvertisement, amongst others. With this, citizens also openly access data records and actively participate in public affairs. Despite the ample benefits of the use of technology, some citizens see technology as an avenue to carry out heinous cybercrimes such as fake news, internet fraud, and cyberbullying, amongst others. As such, our lead questions are: What impact do smart cities have on African digital space and the global economy? How best can the challenges confronting smart cities in Africa be dealt with? Where is the place of Africa in the 21st-century technological world? In this chapter, we adopt a qualitative method to bolster our argument that smart cities in Africa have progressed over the years and positively influenced African digital space and beyond. We also argue for generative artificial intelligence as an empowering tool in boosting smart cities in Africa and as a problem-solving tool for the likely challenges of smart governance of which African Luddite attitude towards technology is included.Item Political Exclusion and the Quest for Self-Determination in Southeastern Nigeria(African RenaissanceVol. 22, No. 1, 2025) Osimen Goddy U.; Daudu Basil Osayin; Chidozie Felix C.The Igbo, one of Nigeria’s major ethnic groups have long experienced marginalisation and perceived exclusion from national political leadership. The research adopted the phenomenological research design with data collected from secondary sources via a systematic literature review. The data gathered were analysed, utilizing thematic analysis. Using the relative deprivation theory, this study explores the historical backdrop, socio-political dynamics, and key factors underlying the Igbo people’s perceived political exclusion. The study investigates the motivating factors driving the Igbo people’s quest for self-determination and digs into the techniques used by Igbo socio-political parties such as MASSOB (Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra) and IPOB (Indigenous People of Biafra) to achieve self-determination ranging from peaceful rallies to separatist movements. The study also looks at how the Nigerian government and other stakeholders responded to these demands. Among other things, the study revealed that ethnic sentiment is a problem in Nigeria, and adding to the growing literature on political exclusion and self-determination, the study provides a deeper knowledge of challenges faced by the Igbo and potential paths (nonviolence, dialogue and inclusivity) for addressing their concerns within the Nigerian political structure.Item N-Power program and youth empowerment in Nigeria(Cogent Social Sciences Volume 11, 2025 - Issue 1, 2025) Osimen Goddy U.; Etoroma Oghenemaro Miracle; Pokubo Ibiso; Adi IsaacThe study assessed the impact of the N-Power program on youth empowerment in Lagos State, Nigeria. A cross sectional survey design was used to select the beneficiaries of the program, while both questionnaires and interviews were used as a source of data collection from the respondents. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. However, the key informant interview which were purposefully selected, were therefore analyzed by means of transcribing. Though the program has recorded a level of success in curbing unemployment and alleviating poverty in the study area, the study however revealed some challenges faced by the program, which include irregular payment of allowances, corruption among N-Power personnel, among others. The study therefore recommends among others, prompt and timely payment of stipends to the beneficiaries of the Program, as well as the posting of beneficiaries to their nearest place of residence.Item Human Trafficking and Personhood: Implications for Africans(Combating Human Trafficking, 2025) Osimen Goddy U.; Daudu Basil OsayinThere are many activities people engage in as a means of livelihood, and one such activity is human trafficking, which has become a global concern to humanity as it manifests itself in varied forms such as forced labor, child trafficking, baby factories, prostitution, organ harvesting, and debt bondage, among others. Human traffickers take undue advantage of Africans due to the poor and pathetic state of most African nations. Human traffickers could be Africans or not, colluding with foreign individuals or organizations. Human trafficking, for pro-human traffickers, is a transnational lucrative business, while for anti-human traffickers, it is illegal. As such, our lead questions are: How justifiable are the conflicting viewpoints of pro-human and anti-human traffickers? How justifiable are the actions of human traffickers benefitting at the expense of human value (trafficked victim)? How best can the African government combat this age-long problem of human trafficking? Thus, adopting the analytic method, we argue for the dignity of the African person (Africanness) and endorse “contentment” and “alternative choice” as underlying principles for combating trafficking in human beingsItem Conflict and Security Challenges in the Semi-Arid Region of Sahel: Implications for Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (Swedd)(Journal of Somali Studies : Research on Somalia and the Greater Horn of African CountriesVol. 11, No. 1, 2024-04) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Osimen Goddy U.; DELE-DADA MOYOSOLUWA PRISCILIA; Ahmed Titilade M. O.The semi-arid region of the Sahel area, in West and Central Africa, has been dealing with a complicated web of insecurity and conflicts. The fragile security conditions in the Sahel region, which are marked by terrorism, armed conflicts, and instability, have harmed women's social, economic, and political empowerment. Many Sahelian women lack access to economic opportunities, healthcare, education, and decision-making processes, which worsens gender inequality and vulnerability. With an emphasis on the World Bank’s (WB) Sahel Women's Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) initiative, this article examines the significant effects of the ongoing violence and insecurity on women's empowerment and the achievements of the demographic dividend. A descriptive research design was adopted for this study. A qualitative approach to data collection was employed in this study. Content and descriptive analysis were used in the study. Feminist theory was used to unravel the underpinnings of this study. The research findings revealed, among others, that conflict has posed a great challenge for women in the Sahel region. Secondly, great efforts have been made through SWEDD to save the ugly situation amid challenges of displacement, economic hardship, hunger, and other situations alike. This study concludes that the situation of the women is unconnected with the Sahel environment, where there are rooted conflictual socio-political, and economic issues. It is therefore recommended, among others, that there be greater local and international intervention to support the women and secure their contributions towards the improved development of the region.Item Artificial Intelligence, Fintech, and Financial Inclusion in African Digital Space(FinTech and Financial Inclusion, 2025) Daudu Basil Osayin; Osimen Goddy U.; Abubakar Abdulrasheed ToyinThe importance of the economy of a nation cannot be over-emphasized, as its technological progress is largely dependent on economic stability. The adoption of 21st-century technology, especially in financial technology, has strengthened the economic sector consisting of artificial intelligence (AI) applications and innovations such as blockchain, virtual cards, mobile payments, smart contracts, and robotic processes. These AI innovations have reshaped commerce by greatly transforming financial transactions among businesses, consumers, and individuals. The African digital sphere is enriched with fintech-driven economic activities enabling financial inclusion, making products and services available and affordable to everyone. Notwithstanding, the presence of cybercriminal activities has become a serious threat to the growth of fintech and financial inclusion across Africa. With a qualitative approach, this chapter examines the extent of economic progress in the adoption of fintech and financial inclusion in Africa and their impact on the continent alongside pragmatic means of mitigating cyber threats. This chapter, therefore, positions AI as a facilitator and problem-solving tool in advancing fintech and financial inclusion within the African digital sphere.Item Interrogating Russo-Ukrainian War’ Implications for Human Security and Global Economy(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 27, Issue 6,, 2022-06) Osimen Goddy U.; Adi Isaac; Micah Ezekiel Elton MikeThe recent attack on Ukraine by Russia on February 24, 2022 constitutes one of the biggest threats to both humanity and global economic growth in recent time since the end of the Cold War. The already stormy environment of global inflationary pressures amidst of rising cost of food and energy prices, disrupted financial market and supply chains following the coronavirus pandemic, climate change issues, the war have aggravated the supply and demand tensions, damaging purchaser comportment and threatening global economic growth and development. Recent projections by UNCTAD estimate that the world economy will be a full percentage point of GDP growth lower than expected owing to the war. It is on this framework the paper seek to interrogate the Russian-Ukraine war and its implications on humanity and global economy. It revealed that one of the major reasons Russia going into war with Ukraine is to protect its border and to maintain its regional influence in the east of Europe. Therefore, it is important to appreciate and recognize how the invasion affected humanity and global economic activities and the implication for the future. Political leaders should put in effort to discourage war like the Ukraine-Russia war, and should learn how to use negotiation as a conflict resolution tool. Most importantly, engage civil society and international community on discussions on the negative effects of war and the hard realities of what war can do to either countries’ now or future. This will serve a better option rather than hard economic policies on either side. It has shown that sanctions against a warring country is not an optimal solution because it has spillover effects into other countries who are not part of the war, especially when the warring countries are trade partners of other countries who are not involved in the war.