LAWS OF WAR AND MILITARY ENGAGEMENTS: A STUDY OF INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATIONS IN NIGERIA

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of the Laws of War on the Nigerian military’s conduct in internal security operations between 2015 and 2024. The research addresses the critical problem of balancing international legal obligations with the complex realities of asymmetric warfare, where non-state actors often disregard established humanitarian norms. The main objective is to understand how these laws affect military operations and legitimacy in such contexts. Grounded in Just War Theory and Legal Realism, the central argument is that while the Laws of War are essential for civilian protection and military legitimacy, their rigid application poses significant operational constraints for state forces in contemporary internal conflicts. Employing a qualitative methodology, data were gathered through in-depth interviews with military officials, government representatives, and civilians, providing multi-perspective insights into the practical application and impact of these laws. The study’s findings reveal that International Humanitarian Law (IHL) principles, particularly distinction and proportionality, significantly shape military tactics, often leading to operational delays and limitations in weapon use. Challenges identified include inadequate IHL training, psychological strain on personnel, political interference, and resource scarcity. Despite these constraints, compliance with IHL was found to enhance civilian safety and foster improved civil-military relations. It is therefore recommended that legislators should avoid harsh criticism of the military for alleged humanitarian law violations without grasping the complexities of asymmetric warfare. In conclusion, the study confirms that the Laws of War significantly influence the operational functions of the Nigerian military,