College of Engineering
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Item SIMULATION OF IONIC LIQUIDS FOR THE REMOVAL OF ACID GASES IN NATURAL GAS PROCESSES(Covenant University Ota, 2025-08) Udogri, Obaro; Covenant University DissertationThis study presents a comprehensive simulation-based investigation integrating Aspen HYSYS and Density Functional Theory (DFT) to evaluate the performance of an ionic liquid (IL), 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide, for the effective removal of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from an untreated natural gas stream. The IL was selected based on its low toxicity, thermal stability, and favorable interaction with acid gases. The treatment phase involved modeling the gas absorption process in Aspen HYSYS and analyzing molecular interactions using DFT. Results showed that CO₂ preferentially binds to the anion ([TFSI]), while H₂S bonds to the cation ([MPPIP]). The calculated binding energies for both gases were minimal, indicating low energy requirements and a strong potential for efficient absorption. Under initial simulation conditions—206°C and 22.5 bar—the process achieved a 73.5% acid gas removal rate. Following this, optimization was performed to enhance the system’s performance. Sensitivity analyses revealed that temperature, pressure, and IL concentration significantly influenced gas absorption efficiency. The optimal operating conditions were found to be within a temperature range of 50°C to 78°C and a pressure of 18 bar. Although increasing the IL concentration improved acid gas absorption, it also reduced sweet gas recovery due to mass transfer effects. A balanced IL flowrate of 500 kmol/h was identified to maintain high efficiency while minimizing sweet gas loss. Statistical analysis using a two-factor interaction (2FI) model demonstrated a good model fit with an R² value of 83.2% and 87.6% of data closely matching the regression line. Final optimization using 3D response surface modeling revealed that the absorption efficiency could be increased from 73.5% to 95% by adjusting the operating conditions to 224°C and 28.5 bar.Item ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF FAULTS IN A DISTRIBUTION NETWORK: A CASE STUDY OF COVENANT UNIVERSITY(Covenant University Ota, 2025-07) ECHEMITA, Timothy; Covenant University DissertationElectrical faults pose significant challenges to the reliable and safe operation of distribution networks, often causing equipment damage, service interruptions, and reduced protection system effectiveness. This research investigates the impact of faults within the Covenant University distribution network. The objectives were to develop a representative network model, identify potential fault types, and assess their influence on overall system performance. A detailed MATLAB/Simulink model of the distribution network was created, and simulations were conducted for five primary fault types: single line-to-ground, double-line, double-line-to- ground, three-phase, and three-phase-to-ground faults, all under steady-state load conditions. The simulation results demonstrated distinct variations in fault current magnitudes and voltage responses depending on the fault type, with three-phase faults producing the highest currents. These results were compared against the interrupting capacities of protective devices installed in the Chapel, College of Science and Technology (CST), and Electrical and Information Engineering (EIE) powerhouses. The analysis revealed instances where simulated fault currents exceeded device ratings, indicating potential weaknesses in the existing protection scheme. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of simulation-based fault assessment in evaluating protection adequacy and enhancing system resilience. Additionally, the findings provide a reference framework for protection analysis in similar institutional microgridsItem Evaluation and improvement of power quality of distribution network: a case study of Covenant University, Ota(Frontier Energy Efficiency, 2025-01-09) Samuel Isaac A.; Daudu Afah Toyin; Somefun Tobiloba E.; Awelewa Ayokunle A.; Abba-Aliyu ShehuPower quality is a global concern, particularly as electronic devices are increasingly supporting modern economies. This research evaluates and proposes improvements for power quality of the distribution network at Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria, where electrical equipment usage contributes to power quality challenges. Measurements and evaluations were carried out in three stages: first, measuring power quality at five campus powerhouses using a Circutor aR6 power analyzer; second, assessing these measurements with Power Vision software; third, simulating the evaluated network with NEPLAN software. The study was conducted during an active school session, with measurements taken at 500 kVA, 11 kV/415 V/230 V on the outgoing circuits for each transformer. The results were benchmarked against IEEE power quality standards and identified issues such as harmonics, total harmonic distortion (THD), overload, and a lagging power factor. The proposed improvements, derived from NEPLAN simulation, included active harmonic filters to reduce harmonics, a shunt capacitor for power factor correction, and load sharing for managing transformer overloads. Simulation results demonstrated that THD was significantly reduced across all powerhouses: CDS from 7.28% to 0.91%, EIE from 10.52% to 3.54%, CST from 16.03% to 0.58%, the Library from 11.92% to 0.12%, and the Male Hostel from 16.71% to 0.24%. These adjustments enhanced THD within specified limits. Additionally, the shunt capacitor increased the power factor to 0.96 from −0.96. These enhancements are expected to extend equipment life, reduce heat loss, and lower utility costs.Item Cuckoo search algorithm approach for optimal placement and sizing of distribution generation in radial distribution networks(International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol. 15, No. 3,, 2025-06) Ojo Kayode; Fanifosi Seyi; Awelewa Ayokunle A.; Samuel Isaac A.Radial distribution networks (RDNs) often experience power loss due to improper distribution generation (DG) allocation. Strategic DG placement can reduce power loss, minimize costs, and improve voltage profiles and stability. This research optimizes DG placement and sizing in RDNs using the cuckoo search algorithm (CSA). The objective function considers losses across all network branches, and CSA identifies optimal DG locations and sizes. Tested on IEEE 33-bus, IEEE 69-bus, and Nigeria's Imalefalafia 32-bus RDN, the Cuckoo Search technique results in optimal DG locations at buses 6, 50, and 18 with corresponding sizes of 2.4576, 1.852, and 2.718 MW, respectively. Voltage improvements are 0.9509, 0.9817, and 0.9821 p.u, while total active and reactive power losses for IEEE 33-bus are reduced by 49.03% and 45.00%, and for IEEE 69-bus by 63.67% and 61.14%. The CSA approach significantly enhances voltage profiles and reduces power losses in these networks.Item Impact of solar photovoltaic injection on power quality covenant university distribution network(Scientific African, 2025) Samuel Isaac A.; Davies Henry A.; Awelewa Ayokunle A.; Abba-Aliyu Shehu; Katende JamesThis study highlights challenges and solutions and examines the effects of injecting Solar Photovoltaic Distributed Generation (PVDG) on Covenant University’s power quality (PQ) distribution network. Injecting solar PVDG helps the University to reduce grid dependency, lower carbon emissions, and improve energy efficiency. Real-time data of power quality parameters were collected using a 434 series II power analyser over 7 days, including weekdays and weekends during peak and off-peak hours. And the data were compared with IEEE standards. Simulation and analysis were done using both Neplan and Homer. Homer Pro was used to optimize PVDG integration, while Neplan was used for the load flow and harmonic analysis. The significant PQ disturbances identified include voltage imbalances, high total harmonic distortion (THD), and overloads. To address these issues, advanced compensation improvements were made using Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). Postinjection of the solar PVDG results showed a 0.89 % reduction in active power losses, a 1.3 % improment in power factor (PF), and a 15.6 % decrease in the source current at the 33 kV feeder. The results underscore the importance of optimized solar PVDG injection to maintain power quality and enhance network efficiencyItem DEVELOPMENT OF A HIERARCHICAL ANOMALY DETECTION MODEL IN A FEDERATED CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE USING ENHANCED GRAPH SAMPLING AND AGGREGATION(Covenant University Ota, 2025-08) LAWAL, Comfort Oluwaseyi; Covenant University DissertationModern distributed computing systems generate massive volumes of log data, making manual analysis infeasible. Existing methods treat log entries as independent events, failing to leverage structural dependencies and temporal correlations. This limitation is critical in federated cloud infrastructures where anomalies propagate across interconnected services. This research developed a hierarchical anomaly detection model that employs Federated Hierarchical Graph Sampling and Aggregation (Fed-HiGraphSAGE) techniques to enable multi-level anomaly classification in distributed cloud environments while preserving data privacy. FedHiGraphSAGE was built on an Enhanced Hierarchical GraphSAGE architecture, incorporating node features, edge attributes, and hierarchical structure to classify anomalies across five semantic levels: Anomaly, Anomaly-Type, Cloud Component, Application-Type and Specific-cloud-module. The model employs federated learning capabilities, dynamic graph management, hierarchical diagnostic capabilities, adaptive thresholding, and memory-efficient training. It also implemented a HierarchicalStratifiedBalancer to address class imbalance. The model was trained and evaluated using federated learning across three data-contributing regions: Afe Babalola University, Landmark University, and DRC_Congo, with Covenant University serving as the federated learning coordinator. A total of 54,919 system logs were processed from these three regions to simulate real-world federated deployment. The model demonstrated exceptional performance with region-specific accuracies of 91.97% (Afe Babalola), 98.27% (Landmark), and 98.76% (DRC_Congo). Hierarchical metrics confirmed effective multi-level classification with h-precision ranging from 91.82% to 98.99%, h-recall from 90.60% to 98.53%, and h-f1 from 89.95% to 98.66%. The model generated detailed hierarchical anomaly classifications and demonstrated significant performance adaptability across regions while maintaining global model coherence, with federated training reducing the global client’s loss from approximately 0.47 to 0.02 over 15 rounds. This research advances automated system monitoring by demonstrating that federated learning with graph-based representations and hierarchical classification significantly improves anomaly detection performance while enabling cross-regional knowledge sharing. The model’s ability to maintain exceptional performance across multiple classification levels while providing explainable results establishes a new benchmark for automated log analysis in complex distributed systemsItem CORROSION INHIBITION BEHAVIOUR OF CALF THYMUS GLAND DNA ON MILD STEEL IN SULPHAMIC ACID(Covenant University Ota, 2025-04) Ekere Isaac E.; Covenant University ThesisInorganic acid cleaners based on sulphamic acid are frequently employed in industrial equipment cleaning, descaling and acidizing. This application of sulphamic acid in industrial cleaning is not entirely without its drawback as the cleaning action usually leads to dissolution and loss of base metals. The addition of corrosion inhibitors is one of the industrial practices employed to minimize equipment corrosion damage. The purpose of this work was to assess the viability of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), extracted from calf thymus gland, as an inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in sulphamic acid medium, and in comparison, with salmon Fish DNA and INDION 5489, a commercial inhibitor. The inhibition process was investigated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarisation, SEM/EDX and FTIR measurements. Response surface method (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to determine the optimum corrosion inhibition conditions. The weight loss measurements obtained the highest inhibition efficiency of 82.71% at 303 K and immersion time of 6 h by addition of 2.5 mg/L of calf thymus DNA, CTGDNA. The corrosion rate was also observed to decrease with an increase in inhibitor concentration. Potentiodynamic polarisation curves showed a shift in Ecorr < 85 mV an indication that CTGDNA is a mixed inhibitor, suppressing both cathodic and anodic reactions. An RSM generated polynomial model obtained an optimum efficiency of 72% at 303 K, 5.5 mg/L after 2.12 h immersion. Estimation by ANN, with minimal errors, and a higher R2 of 0.983 in comparison to 0.925 for RSM were close to the experimental inhibition efficiency. CTGDNA adsorption on mild steel modelled the Langmuir isotherm with a linear regression coefficient of 0.99. The increase in the activation energy from 37.54 kJ/mol to 52.5 kJ/mol after 2 h immersion; with a similar trend for 4 and 6 h demonstrated that addition of CTGDNA favoured physioisorption. The small and negative value of entropy was an indication that the adsorption of CTGDNA was spontaneous. FTIR confirmed the presence of protective film formed by CTGDNA inhibitor on the mild steel surface at various concentration. SEM images showed reduction in the degradation of mild steel surface in the uninhibited solution after addition of CTGDNA. The comparative studies obtained a weight loss of 0.0036, 0.0047, 0.0072 and 0.0086 mg in 10% sulphamic acid in the presence of CTGDNA inhibitor, salmon fish DNA, conventional cleaning solution and blank solution of 10% sulphamic acid without an inhibitor, respectively. This confirmed that the CTGDNA inhibitor enhanced the 10% sulphamic acid cleaning solution as a suitable and viable cleaning agent for mild steel in comparison with INDION 5489.Item DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ECO-CONCRETE WITH KENAF FIBRE AND COATED RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE(Covenant University Ota, 2025-06) TAIWO-ABDUL DAMILOLA OMOZUAWO; Covenant University DissertationThe urgent global demand for sustainable infrastructure has driven innovations in eco-efficient construction materials. This study explores the development of high-performance, sustainable concrete by integrating pozzolanic-treated recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and kenaf fibre as eco-friendly alternatives to natural coarse aggregates and synthetic reinforcements. The research addresses the inherent limitations of RCA—such as high porosity, residual mortar, and weak interfacial zones—through a surface modification technique involving a blended calcined clay-cement slurry. Simultaneously, kenaf fibre is incorporated to enhance the tensile and flexural properties of the concrete matrix. Concrete mixes were produced with varying RCA replacement levels (30%, 45%, 60%, and 90%) using both untreated and pozzolanic-treated RCA. Comprehensive characterisation, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was employed to assess material and microstructural properties. Mechanical performance was evaluated through compressive, tensile, and flexural strength tests, alongside water absorption and density tests for durability analysis. Statistical optimisation using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ANOVA determined the influence of treatment and fibre incorporation on concrete performance. The results indicate that pozzolanic treatment significantly improved RCA concrete properties, with optimal performance observed at 45–60% RCA replacement. Treated mixes achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 36 MPa, a 5.3 MPa split tensile strength, and reduced water absorption to 3%, reflecting improved durability and structural integrity. These enhancements demonstrate the synergy between calcined clay treatment and natural fibre reinforcement. This study substantiates the viability of producing eco-concrete with treated RCA and kenaf fibre, promoting circularity, reducing carbon footprint, and contributing to sustainable development goals. It provides a framework for future applications in structural concrete, aligning with low-carbon construction practices.Item QUALITY CONTROL ASSESSMENT OF BODY-MAKING PROCESS IN ALUMINIUM BEVERAGE CAN PRODUCTION(Covenant University Ota, 2025-01) AKEREKAN OPEYEMI ERNEST; Covenant University DissertationThis study focused on the analyses of the quality control process of aluminium beverage can production (sleek size – 330 ml) monitored over a period of time, by deploying six key parameters: Bright Can Axial Load, Finished Can Height, Flange Width, Groove Diameter after Reformer, Dome Depth with Reformer, and Finished Can Buckle. These parameters revolve around the standardization and specification of the beverage can for a sustainable food packaging process. The study employed Statgraphics Centurion (version VII) as a statistical tool for analyzing process stability and capability through Statistical Process Control (SPC) techniques. This software generated control charts (X-bar charts) and process capability indices (Cp and Cpk) to evaluate process performance and identify areas requiring improvement. Descriptive statistical measures such as process mean and standard deviation were calculated to support the analysis. The methodology also included thoroughly evaluating production line data, with variations in each quality parameter assessed against defined specification limits. Results indicate that the Bright Can Axial Load has a moderate capability (Cp = 0.82, Cpk = 0.75) with a slightly off-center mean. Also, the Finished Can Height show low capability (Cp = 0.30, Cpk = 0.25), indicating significant variability. Flange Width has moderate capability (Cp = 0.43, Cpk = 0.43), while Groove Diameter after Reformer presents a Cp of 0.60 but a very low Cpk of 0.06, reflecting a misaligned process mean. In addition to this, Dome Depth with Reformer shows moderate capability (Cp = 0.53, Cpk = 0.23), needing better centering. Finished Can Buckle demonstrates the highest capability (Cp = 1.63, Cpk = 0.74) with a slightly off-center mean. The findings imply that aligning process means with specification limits and reducing variability will ensure consistent, high-quality aluminium production. Thus improving the operation process and subsequent improvement in the overall productivity of aluminium beverage cans.Item ASSESSMENT OF THE UTILISATION OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA(Covenant University Ota, 2025-01) OBANOR ENOCH IWINOSA; Covenant University DissertationThis study evaluates renewable energy adoption across Ogun, Lagos, Edo, and Delta states using a mixed-methods approach. A bibliometric analysis of 424 research publications (2014–2024) revealed that solar energy was the most studied topic (35%), followed by hydropower (25%) and bioenergy (20%). The analysis identified a 32% increase in renewable energy publications since 2019, with 62% of highly cited papers focusing on policy and deployment strategies. Citation mapping indicated that the top 10 research institutions contributed 47% of all renewable energy studies, highlighting the concentration of expertise in specific regions. Survey data from 387 respondents indicated that 68% lacked reliable electricity access, while 78% relied on traditional biomass or fossil fuels. Among respondents, 62% expressed willingness to adopt solar energy if installation costs were reduced by at least 40%. However, only 23% were aware of existing renewable energy policies, and 54% rated government efforts as inadequate. In terms of energy satisfaction, only 9% of respondents rated their current energy sources as highly adequate, while 36% described them as moderate, and 21% rated them as low. The study further analysed energy availability across Nigerian states. Lagos, Ogun, Edo, and Delta states experience an average of 12–18 hours of electricity outages per day, forcing 74% of households to rely on generators as backup power sources despite Nigeria’s solar radiation potential of 3.5–7.0 kWh/m². Alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13 was assessed, revealing that only 19% of publications explicitly addressed energy access and climate change mitigation, while survey results showed that 69% of respondents were unaware of Nigeria’s commitment to SDGs. Projections based on current adoption rates estimate that, if key policy recommendations, energy access in Southern Nigeria could rise from 32% to over 70% by 2035 and fossil fuel dependency could decline by 55%. This research shows that achieving an efficient renewable energy transition requires urgent policy interventions, enhanced financial incentives, and strengthened institutional frameworks.