Department of Chemistry

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    Whole-exome sequencing of Nigerian benign prostatic hyperplasia reveals increased alterations in apoptotic pathways
    (The Prostate April 2024 Vol 84 No. 5, 2024-01-04) Kaninjing, Ernest T.; Adeniji, Kayode A.; Jibrin, Paul; Obafunwa, John O.; Path, FMC; Path, FRC; Ogo, Chidiebere N.; Mohammed, Faruk; Popoola, Ademola; Fatiregun, Omolara A.; Oluwole, Olabode P.; Thorpe, Roland J.; Karanam, Balasubramanyam; Elhussin, Isra; Ambs, Stefan; Tang, Wei; Davis, Melissa; Polak, Paz; Campbell, Moray J.; Brignole, Kathryn R.; Rotimi, Solomon O.; Dean-Colomb, Windy; Odedina, Folake T.; Yates, Clayton
    Background Through whole-exome sequencing of 60 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded Nigerian (NGRn) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) samples, we identified germline and somatic alterations in apoptotic pathways impacting BPH development and progression. Prostate enlargement is a common occurrence in male aging; however, this enlargement can lead to lower urinary tract symptoms that negatively impact quality of life. This impact is disproportionately present in men of African ancestry. BPH pathophysiology is poorly understood and studies examining non-European populations are lacking. Methods In this study, NGRn BPH, normal prostate, and prostate cancer (PCa) tumor samples were sequenced and compared to characterize genetic alterations in NGRn BPH. Results Two hundred and two nonbenign, ClinVar-annotated germline variants were present in NGRn BPH samples. Six genes [BRCA1 (92%), HSD3B1 (85%), TP53 (37%), PMS2 (23%), BARD1 (20%), and BRCA2 (17%)] were altered in at least 10% of samples; however, compared to NGRn normal and tumor, the frequency of alterations in BPH samples showed no significant differences at the gene or variant level. BRCA2_rs11571831 and TP53_rs1042522 germline alterations had a statistically significant co-occurrence interaction in BPH samples. In at least two BPH samples, 173 genes harbored somatic variants known to be clinically actionable. Three genes (COL18A1, KIF16B, and LRP1) showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher frequency in BPH. NGRn BPH also had five gene pairs (PKD1/KIAA0100, PKHD1/PKD1, DNAH9/LRP1B, NWD1/DCHS2, and TCERG1/LMTK2) with statistically significant co-occurring interactions. Two hundred and seventynine genes contained novel somatic variants in NGRn BPH. Three genes (CABP1, FKBP1C, and RP11-595B24.2) had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher alteration frequency in NGRn BPH and three were significantly higher in NGRn tumor (CACNA1A, DMKN, and CACNA2D2). Pairwise Fisher's exact tests showed 14 gene pairs with statistically significant (p < 0.05) interactions and four interactions approaching significance (p < 0.10). Mutational patterns in NGRn BPH were similar to COSMIC (Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) signatures associated with aging and dysfunctional DNA damage repair. Conclusions NGRn BPH contained significant germline alteration interactions (BRCA2_rs11571831 and TP53_rs1042522) and increased somatic alteration frequencies
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    VAPOUR GENERATION CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR DETERMINATION OF DIMETHYLSULPHONIOPROPIONATE AND DIMETHYLSULPHIDE IN TROPICAL SEAWATER
    (Rasayan J. Chem., 13(1), 44-50(2020), 2020) Adedapo, A. E.; Benson, N. U.; Williams, A. B.,; Toda, K.
    The vapour generation – chemiluminescence (VG-CL) detection system that was designed for this research was used for the measurement of dimethylsulphide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP). The present study attempted the development of a highly sensitive, portable and cost-effective detection system based on vapour generation and chemiluminescence for a pilot assessment and determination of DMSP and DMS concentrations in the Gulf of Guinea. The Elegushi Beach and Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR) which are parts of the Atlantic Ocean were chosen as designated locations for this study. The average concentrations of DMSP and DMS in the surface seawater at the two locations ranged from 12.4 ± 0.2 to 26.5 ± 0.5 nM, 2.1± 0.0 to 40.9 ± 1.6 nM and 9.7 ± 0.4 to 44.9 ± 0.2 nM, 0 to 35.6 ± 2.3 nM, respectively. This study serves as a baseline measurement of the concentrations of DMS and DMSP in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (Lagos).
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    The Recycling of Sawdust Waste into Particleboard Using Starch- Based Modified Adhesive
    (Communication in Physical Sciences, 6(1), 2020) Umoh, Emmanuel Michael; Sam, Edidiong Sunday
    The challenges associated with the management of wastes from the cassava processing and timber industries necessitated an investigation into the possibility of implementing recycling approach to produced particle board from these wastes. Particleboards were produced from wood saw dust using various compositions of modified starch adhesives. The product obtained were evaluated for density, moisture content, hardness, flexural strength, water absorption and thickness swelling. The results obtained indicated that the density ranged from 753 to 798 kg/m3, moisture content ranged from 14.87 to 16.67 %, hardness ranged from 9.02 to 9.31 N/nm2, flexural strength ranged from 1.31 to 1.45 MPa, water absorption capacity at 24 h ranged from 1.06 to 9.31 %, thickness swelling ranged from 4.55 to 4.78%. The products were in conformity with IS 3087 (2005) and ANSI A 208.1 (1993) standards and could go for medium density particleboard.
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    Stable carbon isotope and n‑alkane distributions in sediment cores from saline and freshwater Gabu lakes, southeast Nigeria: environmental implications
    (Environmental Earth Sciences, 2023) Oyo‑Ita, Inyang O.; Sam, Edidiong S.; Oyo‑Ita, Orok E.; Arnold, Elliott T.; Inyang, David O.; Werne, Josef P.
    Studies on the utilization of molecular and isotopic proxies for the characterization of organic matter (OM) sources and environmental conditions in lakes have been well-documented globally. Nevertheless, inland lacustrine salt basins remain less well-studied, particularly in tropical sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we quantified OM sources and evaluated the effects of salt deposit and barite mining on the distribution of n -alkanes in saline and freshwater Gabu lakes sediment cores, southeast Nigeria using elemental, bulk carbon isotope ratios and biomarker distributions. Our results indicate a system inundated with comparable proportions of vascular plant leaf waxes (mean = 56.6%) and submerged/floating macrophytes (mean = 41.1%) with minor contribution from algae/photosynthetic bacteria (mean = 2.3%). The scenario indicates a shallow water system that predominantly preserved long chain n-alkanes derived from vascular plant leaf waxes and macrophytes. The capacity of macrophyte to biosynthesize long chain n-alkanes most likely reflects adaptation of these organisms to partial exposure to the atmosphere. The occurrence in moderate abundance of C17 and C19 n-alkanes and the near absence of other low molecular weight (LMW) n-alkanes in the saline lake was linked to the effect of salt stress. The absence of LMW n-alkanes in freshwater lake may be associated with slow barite hydrolysis likely to cause acidification. Our results have demonstrated that long chain n -alkanes of terrestrial and submerged/floating macrophyte origins are better preserved under conditions of low salinity and acidification in inland shallow lakes than those derived from algae/bacteria
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    Natural and anthropogenic biomarkers in recent dated sediment cores from Refome Lake, SE Nigeria: environmental implications
    (Environ Earth Sci, 2016) Oyo-Ita, Orok Esu; Oyo-Ita, Inyang Okon; Sam, Edidiong Sunday; Ikip, Ekpo Offem; Ugim, Ugim Samuel
    Natural and anthropogenic biomarkers characteristics of two recent sediment cores collected toward the shoreline and center of Refome Lake (RS and RC; 30 cm long), southeastern Nigeria, were investigated in order to reconstruct past environmental conditions and asses humans-induced changes on the local ecosystem over the last century. Results from sediment bulk properties such as total organic carbon (TOC; 0.12–0.54%; mean— 0.26 ± 0.9%), total nitrogen (TN; 0.01–0.05%; mean— 0.03 ± 0.7%) and total inorganic carbon (TIC; 0.03–0.37%; mean—0.14 ± 1.0%) contents as well as TOC/TN (5–25; mean—11.55 ± 1.4) suggested slightly higher contribution from allochthonous over autochthonous organic matter (OM), lowered by low primary production and the characteristic Niger Delta sheltered basin morphology predominated by sandy lithology. Evaluation of molecular proxies such as carbon preference index (CPI(C24–C35); 1.23–1.74: mean—1.58 ± 0.4), carbon maxima (Cmax—17, 19, 26, 27, 29), long-chain/short-chain hydrocarbons (LHC/SH-C; 0.77–2.25, mean—1.52 ± 0.3) and Paq, (0.21–0.61, mean–0.45 ± 0.3) as well as C29/C27 (0.89–2.67; mean—1.53 ± 0.2) indicated an admixture slightly predominated by microbial OM (algae/bacteria) in the most recent top layer (RC1, 0–5 cm) of RC core and slightly more enhanced terrestrially derived OM in the middle layer (RS4, 15–20 cm) of RS core. The later sediment layer deposited at ca. 1947–1964 coincided with the period of greater wash-in of land-derived OM (associated with tree logging/forest clearing for foot path extension and farmland preparation authorized by the European settlers) occasioned by intense rainfall. The occurrence of gammacerane and 18a-oleanane in low levels in the lower and upper layers revealed trace contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons imported into the Nigerian economy prior to independence in 1960 and utilization of Niger Delta oil after 1960 following departure of the colonial masters (the British), respectively.
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    Source Characterization and Historical Trend of Sedimentary PAHs from Refome Lake, South–South Nigeria
    (Aquat Geochem, 2017) Oyo-Ita, Inyang O.; Oyo-Ita, Orok E.; Ikip, Ekpo O.; Sam, Edidiong S.; Ugim, Ugim S.
    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released from diverse sources passing through water column carry information into the sediment where they can be used to assess the environmental status of an ecosystem over specified geologic time frame. The vertical distributions of PAHs in two recent sediment cores (RS and RC, 30 cm long) from Refome Lake, South–South Nigeria,were investigated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in order to evaluate their sources and historical trends of deposition over the last ca. century. The total PAHs (TPAHs—sum of parent and retene) concentrations ranged from 66.99 ng/g dry weight (dw) at the middle layer ofRCcore (RC3 10–15 cm) to 182.24 ng/gdwat the near-bottomlayer of RS core (RS5 20–25 cm) with amean of 102.21 ± 24.32 ng/g. The elevated TPAH level at the near-bottom layer of the RS core, corresponding to geologic time-frame ca. 1930–1947, coincided with the period of inhabitation of the European settlers along the lake’s catchments when utilization of coal and/or coal products for domestic/recreational activity was at its peak. A decline in TPAH levels up-cores thereafter reflected the periods of gradual evacuation of inhabitants of the lake area hinterland following the departure of theWhite after the Nigerian independence in 1960. Evaluation of PAH category according to ring size coupled with data from specific molecular ratios revealed inputs dominated by wood/coal combustion with a moderate contribution from petrochemical/liquid fossil fuel exhaust emissions and a minor diagenetic sources. Principal component analysis result not only distinctively separated RS fromRCcore samples but also revealed that the RS samples weremore impacted by wood/coal combustion emissions than the RC, while liquid fossil fuel exhaust emission dominated the RC over the RS samples. Although short-range eolian transport did play a role in the delivery of PAHs to the lake, localization of source contamination was more important.
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    Determination Of Nutritional Potential Of Cymbopogon Citratus (D.C.) Staph By Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy And Its Health Benefits
    (International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS) Volume 5 Issue 3,, 2018) Umoh, Emmanuel Michael; Sam, Edidiong Sunday; Udoh, I. I.
    Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) was processed for analyses. They were sorted and chopped into bits. They were sundried for 12hrs, oven dried for 24hrs at 60oC and pulverized. Digestion was carried out according to AOAC 2000 and analysed for P, Mg, K, Na, Se, B, Co, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Ca contents using Unicam 939/959 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Out of these twelve “botanical based minerals”, the most abundant was potassium followed by magnesium, phosphorus and calcium the least being boron. Most nutritional problems in Nigeria experienced by the vulnerable groups - the children and the elderly are due to mineral deficiencies in unwholesome or processed foods. Minerals usually obtained from synthetic mineral supplements are inadequate for the rural population due to high cost of procurement and at times adulteration. Most of them are toxic to susceptible individuals. Lemon grass is very effective in „Ajurvedic‟ medicine because of the “botanical based minerals” and bioactive compounds therefore taken in adequate quantities will help in the improvement of general health.
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    Nutritional Indices, Phytochemistry, and the In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Carrot Fortified Tomato Concentrate
    (Wiley Journal of Food Quality, 2024) Ademosun, Olabisi Theresa; Adebayo, Abiodun Humphrey; Ajanaku, Kolawole Oluseyi
    Researchers are constantly looking at the development of functional foods from local materials that o.er both nutritional and therapeutic potentials. e study investigated the proximate composition, antioxidant capacity, and phytochemical pro0le of di.erent compositions of formulations produced from tomato and carrot. e plant materials were sourced locally, dried to a uniform weight, and milled using a mechanical blender. Nutritional indices, viz., proximate analysis, were analyzed using a standard protocol. e phytocompounds present in the formulations and their in vitro antioxidant activities were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. e results for proximate composition showed low moisture content in formulations (0.44 ± 0.015–0.54 ± 0.021%). e protein content of the formulations (16.51 ± 0.217–17.94 ± 0.134%) was signi0cantly higher than that of carrot alone (8.41 ± 0.154%). Similarly, the crude fat was elevated in the formulations (0.31 ± 0.008–1.63 ± 0.017%) compared to tomato alone (0.10 ± 0.399). However, these values were lower than the values obtained for carrot alone (8.72 ± 0.009%). e energy value for the formulations ranged from 87.01 to 93.30 kcal, which was low compared to carrot alone (136.89 kcal). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenols,
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    Complexes of SCN and dithiol ligands for solvothermal green synthesis of high indexed binary PbS and SnS semiconductor nanoparticles
    (Journal of the Indian Chemical Society Volume 102, Issue 6,, 2025-06) Adekoya, Joseph Adeyemi; Oyeku, Pelumi Olusola; Edidiong, Sunday Sam; Adeniyi, Adeleke Ayoola; Almalki, Abdulraheem S. A; Mersal, Gaber A.M.; Ibrahim, Mohamed M.; Revaprasadu, Neerish
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    A censorious appraisal of the oil well acidizing corrosion inhibitors
    (Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 215, 2022) Solomon, Moses M.; Uzoma, Ifeanyi E.; Olugbuyiro, Joseph A.O.; Ademosun, Olabisi T.
    Well acidizing is a common stimulation technique for maximizing the output of oil reservoirs. It helps to overcome the low permeability of wellbore by creating new flow channels or enlarging old ones. Corrosion challenge is encountered during the process since tubings are metallic. Corrosion inhibitors are the defence mechanism used in mitigating corrosion problem during acidizing. This review has identified and grouped acidizing corrosion inhibitors into organic-, and polymer-based. The performance of these inhibitors at temperatures of ≥60 ◦C and acid concentration of ≥15 wt% is considered. It is noted that greater percentage of studies revolve round the 60 ◦C. Above 100 ◦C, the number of scientific articles decreased considerably. Four classes of intensifiers for acidizing corrosion inhibitors have been identified: formic acid, potassium iodide, copper iodide, and antimony chloride. Their chemistries have been discussed. The research gaps identified include (i) scanty information on acidizing inhibitors at temperatures ≥150 ◦C, (ii) limited information on natural polymers and plant biomaterials as acidizing inhibitors, (iii) scanty information on the mechanism of inhibition at temperatures ≥150 ◦C, and (v) limited information on the composition of corrosion products under acidizing conditions. Thus, recommendations for future researches have been given.